Childhood Obesity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Youth Obesity - Research Paper Example It is accepted that having an overweight parent duplicates the danger of youth corpulence while heftiness in the two guardians expands the danger of kid stoutness further. Financial status of the family expands the youngster heftiness hazards further because of the practices and ways of life included (Perry et.al, 2012). With the rising commonness of youngster weight of the age of 9 years over the globe, it is significant for scientists to see every fundamental pathways which might be the reason for the kid heftiness. The investigation additionally targets deciding the connection that exists between the family financial status, parental weight status and youth heftiness for youngsters at 9 years old. Examining technique is the factual strategy utilized in this examination. In this strategy, the example size was acquired from the investigation bunch haphazardly. Test strategy was utilized to get the necessary information. The inspecting technique was utilized preceding the exploration where the analysts utilized it to acquire the example size for use while the test strategy was utilized in doing the real overview. STATA Software is the measurable device utilized in the factual investigation. An investigation test of 8,568 multi year youngsters experiencing childhood in Ireland was utilized. At first 1,105 elementary schools out of 3200 were chosen aimlessly by the utilization of the inspecting technique. An arbitrary example of 8,568 youngsters was then acquired from the chose schools. ... The exploratory strategy was utilized in the assortment of the information from the examined size so as to acquire all markers of heftiness in youngsters (Perry et.al, 2012). Expressive or parametric technique for measurable investigation was utilized in the examination. This sort of measurable examination helped the analysts to acquire the necessary information which is through the depiction of the watched information. This sort of measurable examination helped the specialists think of numerical information of loads to decide the weight markers. The measurable strategies utilized in the exploration are not so tedious and are proper for this sort of study, and this is another explanation with respect to why the scientists picked them. These measurable techniques are likewise exact regarding the information got, and the utilization of them in exploration will see to a substantial examination discoveries and results. STATA is the factual device which has been utilized in this examinati on. In this device, the likelihood loads were applied utilizing the study information order so as to represent complex overview plan. The scientists picked this the graphic or parametric technique as it helps in the outline of an example information. The strategy additionally sets distinct coefficients of the given information which are then utilized in summing up the numerical information acquired. The information for this situation is numerical since the scientists acquired numerical figures on the hazard consider pointers of weight youngsters. The apparatus utilized likewise helped the analysts to get the social segment factors required for the investigation, helped them to perform unadjusted multinomial calculated relapse which would then be utilized to decide the danger of youth overweight contrasted with their family’s

Response to William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience Free Essays

Honesty v EXPERIENCE 109 UWA 2012 William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and of Experience was joined in 1794. Having accumulated Songs of Innocence in 1789, Blake planned that he was composing upbeat rhymes that all kids may appreciate (Norton Anthology pg 118 reference 1). Not all the sonnets mirror a glad position, many fuse foul play, insidious and languishing. We will compose a custom exposition test on Reaction to William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Blake speaks to these parts of the world through the eyes of ‘innocence’. In opposite Blake’s Songs of Experience were composed as revolting and frightening adaptations of a similar world. These sonnets were utilized to mirror a repulsive portrayal of the world as one of destitution, sickness and war. The Songs of Innocence were written around the finish of the American Revolution and the beginning of the French Revolution, despite the fact that Blake would have dealt with them for quite a long time earlier. The Songs of Experience were scratched during the center and close to the finish of the insurgency and reflect how the poet’s perspective on the world had been influenced and changed by the terrible occasions. Blake’s work is an assemblage of various ‘songs’. Albeit each can remain as an autonomous sonnet numerous from Songs of Innocence have a couple in Songs of Experience, for example, â€Å"Infant Joy† †â€Å"Infant Sorrow†, â€Å"The Lamb† †â€Å"The Tyger† and â€Å"The Ecchoing Green† †â€Å"The Earth’s Answer. † Taking â€Å"Infant Joy,† from Songs of Innocence, it is told from the point of view of a child â€Å"but two days old. † The child is seen as cheerful and happy through lines, for example, â€Å"joy is my name/Sweet bliss occur for thee! † and plays on the basic belief system that babies are glad and loveable. However, its partner â€Å"Infant Sorrow,† from Songs of Experience, despite everything told from the point of view of the new conceived, presents the unforgiving truth of labor: â€Å"My mother groand! My dad sobbed. /Into the hazardous world I jumped. † The association of the work along these lines presents two differentiating perspectives on the world from a similar viewpoint. I accept that the principle issue that rouses Blake gives off an impression of being the examination between youth blamelessness and what we truly involvement with the world. The advanced thought of wearing ‘rose tinted glasses’ comes into view, as in as a kid we see the world as this glorious, lovely nd cheerful spot yet as we develop and study ourselves and the world our encounters start to spoil that ‘innocent’ see and the world turns out to be appalling, unforgiving and merciless. The essential focal point of Blake’s work is to make differentiate between the whimsical, blameless perspective on the out of line, malevolent and enduring world and the unforgiving reality that torment, war, neediness and infection truly bring. These tunes would have been perused to youngsters and it tends to be assumed that it was Blake’s endeavor to instruct them something about the world in which they were surviving drawing in their minds with his utilization of verse. Step by step instructions to refer to Response to William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience, Essay models

Hamlet vs Agamemnon Tragedy Essay Example for Free

Hamlet versus Agamemnon Tragedy Essay Hamlet and Agamemnon are two phenomenal and immortal plays. The two plays manage the large subjects of adoration, misfortune, pride, the maltreatment of influence and the loaded connections among men and divine beings. Hamlet and Agamemnon, the hero of the plays that were named after them, are two deplorable saints that carry out some horrendous wrongdoing without acknowledging how stupid and presumptuous they have been. Both hero are of higher status, and have power. In any case, Hamlet is more awful than Agamemnon, for a few reasons. Hamlet is a decent, kind men. He is the Prince of Denmark and adored by the Danish individuals. Tragically for him, his dearest father, King Hamlet, kicks the bucket. Hamlet adores his dad definitely, and he is profoundly harmed when his father died. He is considerably progressively stunned and harmed by the way that his mom, Queen Gertrude, weds his uncle, Claudius, soon after her significant other passed on. Ruler Hamlet sees and has a discussion with his father’s apparition. He discovers that the King of Denmark was killed by his sibling, Claudius. Hamlet vows to retaliate for his dad, and he begins to play distraught so he can assemble proof and put his arrangement moving. From the outset, he isn't totally certain that the phantom was his dad, and he attempts to get affirmation by welcoming King Claudius and Queen Gertrude to a play dependent on what the apparition had let him know. After he is persuaded that his dad was killed, he intends to murder Claudius. Hamlet isn't anxious to murder his uncle, he is troubled about the circumstance, and he doesn't act quick. Agamemnon is totally unique in relation to Hamlet. He assaults Clytemnestra and murders her significant other. Lord Agamemnon didn't stop there. After he weds Clytemnestra, he forfeits their most youthful girl, Iphigenia, to increase great breezes to take the Greek armada to Troy. Ruler Agamemnon is by all accounts progressively like King Claudius. Them two slaughtered the legitimate King, too k his better half, and executed or intended to murder the Queen’s youngster. Agamemnon executes his girl, Claudius plots to slaughter Hamlet in any event twice. Agamemnon is mainstream, and acknowledged for his fights abilities and triumphs. He doesn’t appear to think much about different people and qualities, other than his capacity, fights triumphs, and the public’s veneration. Hamlet killes Polonius when he was chatting with his mom after the play. Polonius was stowing away, and ears dropping for the King. When Gertrude felt that Hamlet needs to assault her, she shouted for help, and Poloniusâ responded, calling for help from behind the arras. In a strange snapshot of unconstrained activity, Hamlet wounds the covered figure, trusting it to be Claudius. The passing of Polonius cased extraordinary enduring to Ophelia, his girl. She gets somewhat frantic, singing gibberish about death and sex, and winds up suffocating herself. Laertes, Polonius’s child, needs equity for his dad, and turns into another potential vengeance legend, however dissimilar to Hamlet, he is increasingly decided. He doesn’t care about the profound piece of death like Hamlet. Ruler Claudius stokes the fire, and persuaded Laertes to execute Hamlet in a duel. Laertes discloses to Claudius that he will harmed the tip of the cutting edge, to murder Hamlet. Claudius vowed to harm the wine in the event that Laertes neglects to scratch Hamlet with his blade. Hamlet doesn't know about this plot, and acknowledges Claudius’s offer to battle Laertes. During the battle, there is a switch of swords, bringing about both Hamlet and Laertes being wounded with the harmed sharp edge. Gertrude, in the interim, erroneously drinks the harmed wine. She bites the dust and Hamlet requests that they search out the foul play that executed her. Laertes, understanding that he and Hamlet are both biting the dust, clarifies everything and accuses Claudius. Hamlet executes Claudius with the harmed blade, at long last satisfying his journey for vengeance. Laertes asks Hamlet to trade pardoning with him and kick s the bucket. Hamlet pardons Laertes. Horatio needs to drink from the harmed wine, so he can pass on with Hamlet, yet he is halted by the Prince. Hamlet discloses to Horatio that he should live in this repulsive world so he can reveal to Hamlet’s story. Master Hamlet declares that Fortinbras, Prince of Norway, will be the following ruler of Denmark and passes on. Regardless of the way that at long last, Prince Hamlet, Laertes, King Claudius, Queen Gertrude, and Ophilia kicked the bucket, the request in the realm is reestablished. Clytemnestra is the one looking for retribution in Agamemnon. During Agamemnon’s multi year nonappearance, Clytemnestra and her darling, Aegistheus, intended to kill Agamemnon on his arrival. Clytemnestra needs retribution for her girl, Iphegenia. At the point when Agamemnon returns, he carries with him, as mistress and slave, the violated Trojan Princess, Cassandra. Cassandra has the endowment of prescience, yet no one trusts her, gratitude to Apollo’s revile. She sees the Clytemnestra intends to execute both Agamemnon and Cassandra, however the Chorus don't trust her. Princess Cassandra appeals to God for a speedy demise, a desire that would be allowed. Agamemnon submits hubris. He consents to stroll on the ‘red carpet’ that has been turned out for him by his better half, despite the fact that heâ mentions it is treatment implied distinctly for the divine beings. Clytemnestra setting up her better half for a shower, put on him a wraparound she had shrewdly sewn to be a restraint. Wearing this, Agamemnon was totally powerless. His significant other butchered and covered him without praises. She does likewise to Cassandra. In Hamlet, King Claudius bites the dust, King Hamlet discovers harmony, and Denmark disposes of a terrible ruler. Hamlet is covered like an officer, having a military burial service. As it were, in Hamlet, Laertes submits hubris too. He sets out perdition and he makes reference to he would slaughter his father’s killer in a congregation. Since both Laertes and Agamemnon submit hubris, them two bite the dust soon after, which is the component of enemy in catastrophe. Hamartia component, an unfortunate blunder, can be found in Agamemnon when Agamemnon goes into the house with Cassandra, believing that Clytemnestra (his significant other) is in certainty glad to see him. So also in Hamlet, Hamlet consents to duel with Laertes, not realizing that he is going to bite the dust by Laertes hand. Hamlet was a sort and respectable individual. While he needed vengeance for his dad, in a way he was all in all correct to do as such. He didn't needed and delighted in killing Claudius, yet he got a hold of himself ultimately, directly before he passed on. Ruler Claudius was liable of killing a King, taking a Kingdom, a Queen, and arranging the homicide of Prince Hamlet. Hamlet played for his vengeance with his life. Since he was covered as a fighter, and the request was reestablished in Denmark, the Danish individuals didn't loathe him for his transgressions. Additionally, in Hamlet, we have more demise in front of an audience. Blameless individuals passed on, as Ophelia and Polonius. Agamemnon is totally extraordinary. He assaulted, he executed without a second thought, he yielded his own girl to win a war, and he submitted hubris, and kidnapped the Princess of Troy. His significant other, while she may be directly in an approach to retaliate for her little girl, she was anticipating the undertaking of slaughtering Agamemnon and she likewise executed Cassandra, even thou she was guiltless. Clytemnestra and he darling, needed to be in power and had no regret. Hamlet is more shocking than Agamemnon, in view of the guiltlessness and regret the significant characters appeared.

Driving While Black - Free Essay Example

Being a black in America has got many issues mainly discrimination being the cause of all the problems. The Africans rights are not put into full consideration compared to the White that is the European American. It is well known and elaborated by the Black leaders who tried to fight for the rights of the Africans in America (Davis, 2001). At that time many were assassinated one of them is Martin Luther King whose remarks still said up to today. Being an African American driving becomes an issue. This is seen across the highways in American nations whereby the African Americans are being mistreated, harassed and put in police cars where there are police dogs and threatened if anyone tries to escape. An instance of the above case is where the Blacks are mistreated it happened in 1998 August where a 37 year old Black man and his son were caught by a nightmare on the highways of America they found out that they could barely travel for more than thirty minutes without being stopped twice by a police patrolling the highways (Davis, 2001). Second they were stopped by the troopers who terrorized them and in this case they were locked in a police car where there were police dogs and it is here where they were threatened that in case they tried to escape the dogs would be released to them. The police officers had at that point shut all the video cameras in the car and therefore there was no any evidence that the Black man and his son were terrorized. (Davis, 2001) The Black man was named Gerald and he understood the history of oppression of Africans that existed in America and hence feared of being victimized. Basically, the problem of African driving was being terrorized and mistreatment also the incarceration that existed was slavery where the Africans were put into custody to work for the Whites.

Family Assessment - 2039 Words

Family Health Assessment Stephanie Beck Grand Canyon University Family Centered Health Promotion Home Nurs 429V August 9, 2015 Family Health Assessment The Family Health Assessment is used as an all-inclusive tactic to guarantee the health and fitness of individuals and their families; it focuses on ensuring that families recognize their health needs. (Edelman, 2010, Chapter 6 amp;7) I have had the privilege of interviewing the Varcela family, who is a Hispanic family which consist of Mom, Dad, and 2 kids, who are twins a boy and a girl. Dad (42) who works in construction work, Mom (38) is a surgical scrub tech; the children are 9 years old, in the 3rd grade. The data that is collected came from open-ended questions that were†¦show more content†¦Laxatives are not commonly used, but sometimes Pepto Bismol is used for an upset stomach or heartburn. Urine patterns are normal as well, yellow in color or straw colored, no burning or irritation to report. Activity/Exercise The family loves to engage in activity’s for fun on a regular basics, they enjoyed reading books, watching movies, walking on natural trails especially in the fall months, in summer swimming is noted as exercise for the family. The dad has a gym membership and he attends the gym at least 3 times a week for weight training, he enjoys this every week. The children are involved in extra curriculum activities during the school months, they play soccer, baseball and have karate on Mondays and Wednesdays, and they really enjoy the sports. Mom tries to walk outside in the neighborhood as much as she can, but has been trying to increase this activity. Exercise can really help this family prevent heart disease and obesity, also to help maintain a healthy lifestyle. Cognitive/Sensory Perception The family reports not having any neurological problems, and no one in their family have had any history of this as well. The mom wears glasses and is near sighted, and the children have great vision, no problems to report as of now. The dad has great eye sight as well, no problems to report. Everyone can see, hear, touch, and smell quite well, no issues to report. The family have yearly eye check up, to make sure that everything is going well for the eye sightShow MoreRelatedFamily Health Assessment : Family Assessment Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesFamily Health Assessment Family is so important in the society and it is a blessing from God. Healthy behaviors learn from within the family and family member’s stimulus one to each other with health promotion practices. There fore, the health behaviors are very essential in the family assessment and which notifies health-promotion and disease-prevention. Within families, members will be the first one to learn about to promoting health. Families have impact on children’s lifestyle choices. The AmericanRead MoreFamily Health Assessment : Family Assessment1884 Words   |  8 Pages Family Health Assessment The family assessment involves a simultaneous data collection on individual family members or if able the whole family. The nurses and other healthcare professionals interview individuals and family as a whole to understand and assess the health of the family. This interview help professionals detecting the possible origin or factors contributes to the family’s health problems. The Gordon’s functional health pattern will be used as a model to collect and organizeRead MoreFamily Assessment : The Family Essay1804 Words   |  8 PagesFamily Assessment The family assessment is a thorough assessment done by a health care provider. This assessment is the foundation of how health care providers provide care for a certain member of the family or the family as a whole. This assessment involves exploration of the family structure, development, and function. 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According to Stanhope and Lancaster (2008)Read MoreFamily Analysis : Family Assessment Essay2612 Words   |  11 PagesFamily Assessment Introduction In social work, families are vital for understanding clients as they interact with one another and realize how the dynamics of the family are affecting one another. The explanation of these behaviors can set the stage for what the social worker will be addressing and helping with. In using the systems perspective, you can see how all areas of life effect one another. Families then, in regards especially to my own, get integrated in a variety of ways. DemographicRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1461 Words   |  6 PagesHeritage Assessment: Evaluation of families, cultures and views on health Anniemae Stubbs Grand Canyon University Culture and Cultural Competency in Health Promotion NURS 429 Professor Alma Celaya June 19, 2016 Heritage Assessment: Evaluation of families , cultures and views on health Cultural Heritage is a concept that is passed on from one generation to the next that depicts how people live, act, behave, or think. It can be a noticeable or vague manifestation. It includes various customsRead MoreFamily Health Assessment1655 Words   |  7 PagesFamily Health Assessment Shaila Rahman Grand Canyon University Family-Centered Health Promotion NRS-429V Melanie Gray MSN October 19, 2014 Family Health Assessment Gordons Functional Health Patterns provide a useful structural guideline that help nurse or any health care provider to assess any family’s health status and develop a nursing diagnosis according to their need to improve their quality of life. Through each of these eleven patterns of health assessment, nurse can create a systemic

“Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of...

â€Å"Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourist’s approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one†. The term ‘therapy’ has been defined as an activity which ‘involves the treatment of a disease or disorder, by some remedial, rehabilitating, or curative process’. Historically, there has been considerable development in the range and types of therapy that can be used to help a client overcome problems in a modern world, with some sharing similarities but also differences. The intent of this essay is to compare and contrast the behaviourist perspective with a psychoanalytical approach, drawing out their†¦show more content†¦His investigation of Operant Conditioning on pigeons and rats uncovered, he believed, that many of the principles of Operant Conditioning could be applied to humans. An example in humans is the idea that if we are praised for showing polite behaviour in childhood we will learn that polite behaviour will bring rewards and so will behave politely without thinking. In parallel, Operant Conditioning has been used to explain the d evelopment of abnormal behaviour in humans. For examples, adolescents who are ridiculed for being overweight may stop eating to reduce their weight, going on to develop an eating disorder. It is considered that one of the main strengths of the behaviourist approach is that it focuses on behaviour that can be observed, manipulated and measured. The principles behind behaviourism have made it accessible to studying in a laboratory, focusing its testing upon animals and how that behaviour compares to human behaviour. Indeed, the use of behavioural therapy, currently in the NHS, has proved to be a popular, low cost method that medical practionners choose as treatment for a range of disorders or abnormal behaviours. The behavioural therapist focuses on the ‘here and now’ and avoids looking at an individual’s past history and past causes for maladaptive behaviour, believing that this is not always helpful andShow MoreRelatedChrysalis module four behaviourism stud3023 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬ËœBehaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourist’s approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one’ In this essay I will first of all explain the main principles and theories that underpin the behaviourist approach to psychology. I will subsequently outline how behaviourist theory can provide therapists with some insight into both the causes of maladaptive behaviourRead More‘Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of the Learning Principles That Sustain and Maintain It. Discuss This Statement and Show How a Behaviourist’s Approach to Therapy Is in Stark Contrast to a Psychoanalytic.’2499 Words   |  10 Pages‘Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of the learning principles that sustain and maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourist’s approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic.’ Introduction In this essay I intend to compare and contrast the behaviourist perspective with a psychoanalytical approach to therapy, in relation to the above statement and will explore their fundamental principles and differences. Throughout the centuries

Case Study & Ethical Leadership Kolberg & Normative Theories

Question: Ethical Leadership Debate Please refer to attachment. Basically need to read thru the case studies and applied 1.All theories must be applied ..especially Kolberg and Normative theories 2.Make sure discussion and arguments are shown on perspective . 3. Find out what is the dilemma. Answer: While conducting the debate, the group believed that Mike believes that a company is ethical if they have good people around in the organization, following good rules and regulations and by making effective decisions. Similarly, Jan who is the CEO of Clean Solutions Inc believed that helping others helps to manage the business properly and builds ethical leadership in the environment. Thus, she offers educational facilities in Guatemala and also provides a job opportunity which helps people to gain self-motivation, self-reliance and self-respect. As Jan strives towards the normative anticipation of being a managerial conscience, promotes her feminist ethical behavior (BLACKMORE, 2013). This depicts the massive power of a woman to change the world. Some groups have debated by saying that Mei-Hua who believed strong and strict ethical code of conducts in the organization helps in leading an ethical business. This also helps an organization in generating profit. Thus she believes that p eople in the organization should be treated fairly and should adhere to the rules and regulations. This kind of behavior shows that she is showing consequentialist utilitarianism (Price, 2008), where she ensures that society adheres to the ethical code of conduct which would help to maximize the goodness of the society. Discussing the Deshis character, the groups believe that he is against ethics. He believes leadership is just about developing better strategies and making the organization profitable. He says that the COCG (Codes of Corporate Governance) acts as a constraints in the business, which stops business man to make money. This attitude of Deshi, can be said to be a consequentialist Egoism, as he is concerned about his own interest and own principles that would take him to a big company from a new graduate starter. Jan, Mei-Hua and Mike show a transformational normative leadership. As both of them believe that justice, ethics are the values that would help to build up the society in an ethical way (Ciulla, 2014). They are acting like authentic leaders who ultimately believe that ethical performance and standards give intellectual stimulation (Nichols and Erakovich, 2013). Jan and Mike believe that adhering to COCG will lead to profit making. Thus it is necessary to take appropriate actions against the members who fail to adhere to the rules and regulations as per the ethical code of conduct. This indicates that they are at the second level that is the conventional level, according to Kohlberg theory. They believe that individuals should recognize the rules and regulations for the betterment of the society (Lindsley, 2011). They show an interpersonal normative morality. Mei-Hua on the other way shows that ethics depends on the context and situation. This is an ethical dilemma which she is facing . Mei-Hua believes that organizations must advocate COCG for setting up a good example, but as per the need. She thus says that there is nothing wrong in bending the rules and regulations but should be very careful of being caught. On the other hand she strictly believes in adhering to the rules and regulations. This shows that she believes in morality of prescriptive, reversible and unversalizable ethical principles. She is at the post-conventional level of Kohlberg theory (Kohlberg, 2005). As mentioned that Deshi believes that ethics and COCG act as barrier in business. According to OECD (2004), the role of directors is to act according to the interest of an organization. They need to consider the interest of both, stakeholders and shareholders. By following and promoting the ethical code of conduct, an organization can increase the financial stability in the market and also increase the economic growth. However the COCG does not follow the stakeholders theory which states that company should always benefit the stakeholders even if the organization is not performing better or losing its profitability, instead COCG guides the directors to act according to the interest of the whole company. However, Deshi is totally against this role of directors. He is much more interested in making profit instead of following ethical principles. This shows that he is transactional normative leader. His attitude and thinking towards the ethics demonstrates that he focuses on meeting the low-level needs of the followers instead of the terminal values like justice, liberty etc to reach high goals. This also indicates that he is autocratic in nature. He totally falls under the level of pre-conventional where he judges everything based on his needs, perspective and direct consequences (Kohlberg, 2005). Before concluding, the author would like to say that, COCG is a guideline that organization should follow to avoid external risks. Every individual in the society have different behavior, so ethical leadership may not be everybodys trait but has to followed for better performance of the organization. References BLACKMORE, J. (2013). A feminist critical perspective on educational leadership. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 16(2), pp.139-154. Ciulla, J. (2014). Ethics, the heart of leadership. 3rd ed. Westport, Conn.: Quorum Books. Kohlberg, L. (2005).Moral stages and moralization:The cognitive-developmental approach.In M.E. Wilson L.E. Wolf-Wendel (Eds.),ASHE reader on college student development theory(pp. 549-568).Boston, MA:Pearson Custom Publishing Lindsley, R. (2011). Constructive developmental theory and programming across cultures. Nichols, T. and Erakovich, R. (2013). Authentic leadership and implicit theory: a normative form of leadership?. Leadership Org Development J, 34(2), pp.182-195. Oecd.org, (2004). OECD Principles of Corporate Governance - OECD. [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/corporate/oecdprinciplesofcorporategovernance.htm [Accessed 30 Jan. 2015]. Price, T. (2008). Leadership ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Quality Teaching

Abstract Educational institutes in New South Wales have embarked on a quest to make gradual improvements since the adoption of the Quality Teaching model. While this progress has been markedly slow because of the many changes required for each institute to achieve effective results, it has been consistent.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Teaching specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even so, schools and other institutions of learning need to increase the pace of change on a district level so as validate the continued use of the model. This can only be achieved if the district education body reassesses key features of Quality teaching model in all schools. Background Analysis Education is a fundamental requirement for the development and ultimate advancement of the community and educators and policy makers are constantly looking for educational structure and practices that will increase the effectiveness of th e education system. The New South Wales (NSW) Department of Education and Training (2003) asserts that a core directive of the Department of Education and Training is to make sure that state and nation wide policies on education are successfully implemented. The Quality Teaching model is one of such policies that the Department of Education and Training is mandated to adapt throughout its jurisdiction. This policy has led to academic progress and improvements in student performance across NSW since it was formally endorsed. However, these level of improvement has been lower than it was projected to be. These low success rates might be attributed to the previous attitude of encouraging teachers and school administrates to implement their own version of principles and guidelines of the Quality Teaching model. A number of noticeable reasons are to blame for the slow development and improvement of the pedagogy proposed through the Quality Teaching model. Anderson and Helms (2001) assert that the three defining principles of the model; intellectual quality, quality learning environment and significance, faced some form of opposition in their implementation within the district. The biggest hindrance faced in the implementation has been budgetary constraints in most schools. Inequitable financing of educational institutes as the District and National levels have led to unequal distribution of resources across school districts. Without equity, it is impossible for most institutes to set aside the financial resources required to implement this new model.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Federal and State government aspires to provide equitable financing to each educational institute. However, this noble goal is seldom met and the reality is that some institutes receive modest finances while others have a surplus. King (2002) observes that this has a direct influence o n the ability of the institute to provide quality education to the students. The last decade has witnessed significant changes in the education field with computers and modern learning equipments becoming central to the learning efforts of students. The District bodies have been unable to conclusively supply institutes with this expensive modern equipment therefore deposing the district bodies from their traditional role as major financier to educational institutions. Charity organization, corporate sponsors, and philanthropists have taken up the role of major financier. Martinez (2004) points out that this private funding has led to intense competition and disunity as teachers from different schools fight to obtain sufficient financing from these new benefactors. This occurrence has mitigated the effectiveness of the Quality Teaching model as finances play an integral role in the success of the model. Failure to adopt a successful teaching model has led to lowered performances in p ublic schools. This has led to dissatisfaction among many parents who have turned to private schools in the hope that these privately funded institutes will provide better quality education. Gore and Ladwig (2006) suggest that the presumption that private schools are better equipped to provide quality education is misguided surplus finances do not equate to better delivery on all the elements of Authentic Pedagogy and the Quality Teaching Model. As such, availability of adequate financial resources does not necessary translate to quality teaching. The attitude of all the relevant parties in the educational system significantly influences the success of the teaching model.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Teaching specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These relevant parties include teachers, students, school administrators and regional and national education bodies. Teachers are regarded as the most significant actors since they are relied on to impart knowledge to the students. Their role is therefore critical to the success or failure of any quality teaching process since they are the ones who implement the Quality Teaching model. Teachers do not hold a uniform attitude regarding the model and their outlook is influenced by factors such as cultural ideologies and social predispositions (Martinez, 2004). Teachers generally enjoy a modest social economic status and this inclines them to believe that certain goals and intentions are beyond one’s natural capability. Lee and Smith (2001) observe that teachers find it hard to make the constant changes in educational practices necessitated by current social circumstances. While such changes would greatly enhance the quality of teaching and positively influence student performance, the changes require significant financing and maintenance. The financial requirements of the changes are unattainable even for the wealthiest nations. Changes are proposed regularly and this this makes many students and teachers loss interest in the many incomplete efforts proposed all the time (Groundwater-Smith Hunter, 2000). Teachers also feel an extra burden since they are forced to fulfil responsibilities that are alien to their training. The Regulatory Commission for Authentic Pedagogy under the Quality Teaching model Steps need to be taken to deal with the shortcomings of the current implementation of the Quality Teaching Model in NSW. One method which might assist is the establishment of a regulatory body by the Department of Education and Training. Such a body would be responsible for formulating a sustainable system that addresses the issues that plague the current Quality Teaching implementation. The body would liaison between the Department and School administrations to identify teacher and student issues that need to be addressed. The body would provide students with an avenue to air their views or grievances concerning the ir education. Anderson and Helms (2001) suggests that such an avenue would be beneficial for students who prefer to air their views concerning the education process to an independent third party. Agents in the regulatory body would also play a supervisory role thus ensuring that all parties fulfil their mandated roles and responsibilities.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The financial requirements of the proposed regulatory body would be significant. Government and State authorities would need to provide these finances. It would therefore be desirable for the body to fulfil its goals within a reasonable period of time to save the government from high maintenance expenses. NSW has 760,000 students and 2200 public schools making it the State with the highest student and public schools population in Australia (NSW Department of Education and Training, 2003). An average of 350 students would be served in each institute if the number of students was evenly spread out across the available schools. If each teacher was is responsible for a maximum of 30 students, less than 20 teachers would be required for each institution. Combined with administrative and non-administrative staff, the number of non-student population would be between 30 and 40 adults. Regulatory agents would be tasked with supervising and interviewing this non-student population in schools . From this, they would be able to deduce their effect on the overall academic achievement of students. It is to be expected that the non-student staff will be greater or less than the estimates provided since students are not equally distributed across public schools in NSW. In addition to this, Lee and Smith (2001) assert that education institutions for special needs students require the different pedagogical principles to regular institutes. At the same time, regular institutions applying self-contained or inclusive classrooms to cater for special needs students require the same, if not more, attention in the delivery of Quality Teaching goals. The commission will therefore be made up of agents who will invigilate progress in predefined sectors of NSW. Feedback is essential in any monitoring efforts and as such, the regulatory division will have a feedback department. The feedback will be obtained from teachers, administrators and students. All additional policies or amendments t o policies concerning Quality Teaching will be instigated from the division making it a centre for changes and the chief source of resources concerning Quality Teaching for schoolteachers. King (2002) suggests that consistent monitoring is necessary for any significant gains to be achieved. With this considerations, each agent will have to regularly assess all institutions within his/her jurisdiction and interview all the relevant parties in order to access if the Quality Teaching model is being implemented effectively. While attention will be given to all the relevant parties, focus will predominantly be on the students since they are the people who the model hopes to impact. Regular interviews will therefore be conducted with students and a focus group established to help gauge the students’ attitudes towards schoolwork, teachers, administration and non-teaching staff. The agent will also interview teaching and non-teaching staff who interact with the students. By interview ing teachers, the agent will gauge their attitude towards the Quality Teaching model. Groundwater-Smith and Hunter (2000) observe that the interviews will also help in giving a better understanding of what each teacher perceives quality teaching to mean under this model. From the findings of the interviews, teachers who are under-informed will be required to attend Quality Teaching seminars in order to inform them on what constitutes quality teaching under this framework. Administration heads will be consulted before recommending mandatory seminars to ensure that their authority is not undermined. An important question will be with regards to who makes up the regulatory agency staff. King (2002) proposes that pedagogy experts from universities and seasoned policymakers on educational matters are the best candidates. Such professionals will be best placed to design and redesign the application of Quality Teaching in public schools in order to increase the rate of effective implementa tion through seamless adaptation and assimilation. The current move towards Quality Teaching in NSW is grounded in studies done by veterans such as Newmann and Griffiths (King, 2002). These seasoned academic researchers would be the most qualified to run the regulatory commission and handle any difficulties that may arise in the implementation process of the Quality Teaching Model. Uniform adoption of the new policies would be desirable and as such, meetings between the commission’s heads and regulatory agents would be necessary. Such meetings would ensure that all public institutes in NSW integrate Quality Learning in their institutes at the same pace regardless of factors such as school population or socio-economic realities of each institute (Anderson Helms, 2001). As has been noted, some teachers would require additional training in order to properly adopt the Quality Teaching principles in their classrooms. The commission’s heads will be in-charge of these mandat ory re-education seminars. Martinez (2004) reveals that there is a great possibility that most of the teachers who will require re-education will be career teachers who have been in the job for long. Such senior teachers with experience of over ten years will have developed personalized teaching techniques and most likely have reputations amongst their peers and the students. Proposed changes that such teachers consider unproductive or flawed will be ignored. Gore and Ladwig (2006) see the rationale behind such action and concur that experience offers insight into areas within Quality Teaching that require more analysis and evaluation. Even so, experience is not synonymous with perfection and even the most experienced person can learn better ways of doing things. The commissioners will therefore have to face the challenge of convincing these veteran teachers that the Quality Teaching model is a pedagogical framework that will bring about teacher satisfaction and improve the learning experience for the students. The commissioners will use regular regional meetings as avenues for obtaining feedback from teachers. Such feedback will include suggestions on how the three tenets of Quality Teaching can be better adapted. Such meetings will ensure that the role of enforcement is passed on to the teachers. Without such an approach, the regulatory commission would have to force the framework upon teachers and this would lead to resistance and even resentment. In these approach, the primary role of the commissioners and regulatory agents will be to obtain support for the framework from teachers. Groundwater-Smith (1999) forecasts that ingraining the pedagogical framework into all teachers will lead to teachers implementing it autonomously therefore leading to the desirable outcome, which is rendering the work of the commission obsolete. The administrative hierarchy will have the regulatory agents at the bottom and the regulation commission and schools’ senior adm inistrators at the top. The agents will conduct the actual regulation and report to the commissioners and school heads. The agents would also involve the school administration to help coordinate in activities that affect the particular school. Even so, the agents would have autonomy during evaluations to ensure that an independent and impartial report is obtained. The school’s administration would be isolated from evaluation efforts in order for valid claims to be made by teachers and students. The administration will have representation during focus group interviews or individual interviews with students and staff. However, the representatives role will be strictly that of an observer. Analysis of the Potential Impact on the Quality Teaching framework The agent’s attention shall mostly be directed towards the student body, teaching and non-teaching staff. These groups individually influence the three tenets of Quality Teaching in a profound manner. The Student bodyâ⠂¬â„¢s acceptance of the model will occur if they are able to find relevance in the subject matter. Effective learning will only able to occur if the teacher is able to identify areas of interest for the students and focus on them. The agent will be tasked with identifying where the interests of the different students lies notwithstanding the differences in culture and socio-economic status that the students might have. This will not be an impossible task since there is a fusion in some of the basic interests of students in NSW state due to the co-existence of different cultures and social classes in the same environment (Groundwater-Smith Hunter, 2000). An in-depth understanding of student interests and desires would assist in increasing the efficiency of the teaching methods employed by making the lesson more engaging for the students. For a teacher to perform his role effectively, he needs to be well informed since the students should ideally view him as the primary purveyor of information. While it was easy for the teacher to be the primary source of information in the past, this is no longer the case since information technology systems have made an infinite amount of knowledge and data available to the students. Technology savvy students are able to challenge tutors with complicated information obtained from the internet. Teachers are at times unable to keep up with the student’s pace for information desire. The first tenet of the Quality Teaching Model is intellectual quality and it insists on the teacher possessing a large knowledge base in order to remain significant and intellectually respected by their students (NSW Department of Education and Training, 2003). Inability to maintain intellectual quality will diminish the effectiveness of the teacher. The non-teaching staff plays an integral role in the education institute. Their role in maintaining a healthy and adequate learning environment is constantly undervalued despite it being very imp ortant since teachers and school administrations can only provide a classroom-learning environment but they cannot effectively control the external environment that the non-teaching staff takes care of. While regulations for the control of substance use exist, they are very inadequate (Corwin et al., 1975). The non-teaching staff takes care of the environment therefore providing a conducive atmosphere for students and teachers alike. Greater sensitivity to the role that non-teachings staff play in enhancing the learning environment is required since they are necessary elements in the school environment. References Anderson, R. D., Helms, J. V. (2001). The Ideal of Standards and the Reality of Schools: Needed Research. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 38 (1), 3-16. Corwin, R., Heffernan, P., Johnston, R., Remy, M., Roberts, J., Tyler, D. (1975). Environmental Impact Assessment. San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper Company. Gore, J. M., Ladwig, J. G. (2006). Professional Develop ment for Pedagogical Impact. Paper presented at the Australian Association for Research in Education Annual Conference, Perth. Groundwater-Smith, S. (1999). Students as Researchers and the ‘Why’ Question. Paper presented to the British Educational Research Association Annual Conference, Brighton. Groundwater-Smith, S., Hunter, J. (2000). Whole School Inquiry: Evidence-based Practice. Journal of In-Service Education, 26 (3), 583-600. King, M.B. (2002). Professional Development to Promote School-wide Inquiry. Teaching and Teacher Education, 18(1), 243-257. Lee, V.E., Smith, J.B. (2001). Restructuring High School for Equity and Excellence. New York: Teachers College Press. Martinez, K. (2004). Mentoring New Teachers: Promise and Problems in times of Teacher Shortage. Australian Journal of Education, 48 (1), 95-108. NSW Department of Education and Training. (2003). Quality Teaching in NSW public schools: A classroom practice guide. Sydney: NSW Department of Education and Training, Professional Support and Curriculum Directorate This essay on Quality Teaching was written and submitted by user Isai Hardin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Suicide rate in prison Essay Example

Suicide rate in prison Essay Example Suicide rate in prison Essay Suicide rate in prison Essay Essay Topic: Blankets Prison inmates have a higher suicide rate than those in the general community.   In the US, research shows that for inmates housed in pretrial facilities, the suicide rate is ten times that of the outside community (World Health Organisation 2000).   In facilities accommodating sentenced prisoners, the suicide rate is three times greater than in the outside community (World Health Organisation 2000). Additionally, it is worth pointing out that for every successful suicide attempt, there are numerous more unsuccessful suicide attempts (World Health Organisation 2000).   Suicide rates in prison have steadily increased over the decades. In the US, the number of inmates who take their own life has overtaken and now more than doubles the number of inmates that are killed by other prisoners (Wortley 2002).   In 1990, 134 inmates in US prisons committed suicide.   In 1995, the number rose to 169 (Stephan 1997).   In the UK, the number of suicides in prison was 37 in the year 198 8, and rose to 82 in 1998 (HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales 1999: 12).According to Hayes (1995), one of the most constant findings in his research was that suicide rates are highest among smaller prison systems.   This finding, Hayes argued, reflects the lack of resources that smaller prisons tend to have.   This finding obviously shows that the prison environment is an important factor implicated in prison suicide.Research shows that hanging is the most common manner in which inmates commit suicide.   In a British study, 90 per cent of inmates committed suicide by hanging themselves, 4 per cent did it via poison or drug overdose, 3 per cent via cutting themselves, and 1 per cent via smoke inhalation or burns (Dooley 1990).   These figures are similar to those found by Hayes (1995) in the US, who found that 96 per cent of inmates committed suicide by hanging themselves, and the rest did it via cutting themselves or ingesting drugs. Similarly, White and Sch immel (1995) found that 79 per cent of prison suicides were done by hanging, 7 per cent by jumping to their deaths, while drug overdose, shooting and cutting accounted for 5 per cent each.Research conducted on attempted suicide shows that the most common way inmates attempt, unsuccessfully, to kill themselves is by cutting or slashing their wrists.   Inch et al (1995) found that 64 per cent of inmates attempted suicide by cutting, 32 per cent by hanging and 4 per cent by swallowing a sharp object.According to Hayes and Rowan (1988), the statistics for specific instruments involved in prison suicide are as follows: 48 per cent of inmates use bedding, 34 per cent use clothes, 5 per cent use shoelace, 4 per cent use towels, 2 per cent use belts, and 1 per cent use guns.   The rest of the instruments utilized in prison suicide are knives, razor blades, drugs, glass, and knives, however these account for only 1 per cent each (Wortley 2002).Who commits suicide in prisonAn analysis was made of 52 suicides in New York prisons between 1986 and 1994 (Hayes 1995).   The analysis revealed that white inmates, who represented 18 per cent of the prison population, accounted for 42 per cent of the suicides.   In comparison, black inmates represented 50 per cent of the prison population, but accounted for only 20 per cent of suicides (Hayes 1995).   Further, this study found that while inmates condemned for violent crimes represented   56 per cent of the prison population, they accounted for 80 per cent of suicides.   With respect to length of incarceration, 64 per cent of all victims committed suicide within 2 years of incarceration. 66 per cent of the victims had mandatory minimum sentences of at least 4 years, and 23 per cent of victims were serving life sentences (Hayes 1995).Inmates under 21 years of age are more likely to commit suicide than older inmates (Worltey 2002).   According to Wortley, younger prisoners tend to react more intensely and more impul sively than older prisoners.   Another explanation for the higher rate of suicide among young prisoners could be that bullying and harassment are greater in prisons with larger numbers of youths (Wortley 2002).   Additionally, Dooley (1990) found that occurrences of suicides in prisons with high youth populations had the effect of inciting other young prisoners to imitate the behaviour.CausesSocial isolation is regarded by psychologists as the most important cause of suicide (Berman, 2007).   It is not surprising therefore, that the prison environment, being one of loneliness, deprivation, hardship, and isolation from their friends and family, has a strong influence in prison suicide victims and can offer an explanation to the higher suicide rate in prisons.Modern psychologists have described several common characteristics found in suicides.   These include a sense of unbearable psychological pain, a sense of isolation from others, and the opinion that death is the only solu tion to problems for which a person feels hopeless and powerless (Berman 2007).   One would think that an environment such as that found in a prison would seem to foster those very feelings in their inmates.Mental health problems are also believed by experts to be a major factor in suicides (Berman 2007).   Not surprisingly, a relatively high incidence of mental-health problems is found among prison suicide victims.   According to White and Schimmel (1995), in a study conducted on 43 suicides, 23 victims had a prior psychiatric diagnosis, including 11 diagnosed with severe psychotic disturbance, 6 with affective disorder and 4 with paranoid ideation.   17 of the victims had previously attempted suicide at least once (White Schimmel 1995).At the same time, the evidence suggests that there is a direct relationship between prison suicide and the experience of being in prison (Wortley 2002).   A previous record of psychiatric treatment is less likely for prison suicide victim s, than for suicides of the general community.   In research conducted by Liebling, et al (1999), the percentage of prison suicide victims with past psychiatric treatment was 33 per cent, and the percentage of suicide victims in the general community with past psychiatric treatment was 80 to 90 per cent.   This once again suggests that the prison environment itself plays an important factor in prison suicide.According to Wortley, 30 per cent of inmates who had attempted suicide said the reason for doing so was threats or teasing by other inmates, 24 per cent said that it was because they had been punished or placed in segregation, 22 per cent said that their sentence was longer than they expected, 12 per cent had received or were expecting to receive a letter from a loved one, 8 per cent had received an unwanted transfer, and 4 per cent had had their parole rejected. White and Schimmel (1995) found that the most common factors were new legal problems (28 per cent), relationship problems (23 per cent) and conflicts with other inmates (23 per cent).Security levelResearch has shown a greater number of suicides and attempted suicides in maximum security prisons than in medium and minimum security prisons (White Schimmel 1995).   A possible reason for this could be than maximum security prisons are more disheartening and gloomy, or it could be that maximum security prisons house more suicide-risk inmates. In any case, this shows that the additional restrictions and observations that occur in maximum security prisons are not enough to prevent inmates from killing themselves (Wortley 2002).Stage of sentenceOne of the most constant results with respect to prison suicide is that the risk is greater while prisoners are on remand or in the early stages of their sentence (White and Schimmel 1995).   Over 50 per cent of jail suicides occur within the first 24 hours of incarceration, and 26 per cent occur within the first three hours (Hayes 1995).   In prison, 17 per cent of suicides occur within the first week of incarceration and 51 per cent within the first three months (Dooley 1990).   Obviously, the first months in prison are the hardest and the most difficult to cope with, and this can push some inmates over the edge.There is also evidence of a relationship between time served and suicide.   Prisoners with sentences over twenty years seem to have a higher suicide risk.   In one study, this group accounted for 28 per cent of suicides but represented only a 12 per cent of the prison population. (Wortley 2002).   It is reasonable to concur that the high prison sentences most likely gave the inmates a deep sense of hopelessness.This paper will now proceed to outline several strategies to prevent prison suicide.Prevention of Prison SuicideIncreased visitation rightsAs previously mentioned, feelings of isolation from family and friends is a key factor in suicides.   It is beneficial to prisoners that they have adequate visiting ar rangements and facilities in order for them to not feel so isolated.   These visits are important because it would provide much needed emotional support that may protect inmates from despair and irrational thinking during their difficult times in prison.   If the prisoner can make physical contact with his loved ones this would be even better (Reser 1992). These visits can be of special significance to some cultural groups, as some research has identified lack of family contact as the crucial factor in prison suicides among some cultural groups such as Australian Aborigines (Johnston 1991).Increasing guard patrols and surveillanceA successful surveillance regime in prisons, with regular guard patrols and close-circuit television, can lower suicide rates in prisons.   Hayes reported on a successful suicide prevention regime in a US prison in which close-circuit television and physical checks were conducted at least every five minutes, depending on an inmates suicide-risk level.    Additional random checks were made so that inmates could never predict them and so had no opportunity to kill themselves.   The result of this regime was that over a 12 year period, only one suicide occurred among 57,000 processed inmates (Hayes 1995).Cell designTo prevent suicide, something should be done about the design of windows and doors so that they are unable to be utilized as hanging points.   Similarly, the design of ventilation covers and light fixtures should be altered so that they cannot be used as hanging points (Atlas 1989).   Metal door bars should be replaced with polycarbonate glazing; light fixtures and ventilation covers should be covered with tamperproof screen; exposed pipes, brackets, hinges, knobs and electrical outlets should be eliminated.   Additionally, to help elevate the depressing mood in prison cells, cells should have access to natural sunlight and be painted in pastel rather institutional colors (Atlas 1989).Role of staffStaff should b e appropriately trained in suicide prevention, and strategies to prevent suicide should be carefully outlined in prison policy documents and given to staff. There is a need to provide staff with the necessary information about suicide and suicide prevention.   Staff should be made aware of the signs of suicide-risk inmates and the appropriate protocols for dealing with suicide-risk inmates.   Inappropriate staff attitudes such as that nothing can be done to stop a suicidal inmate, or that suicide attempts are meant only to get attention, should be done away with.   Any sign that suggest that an inmate could be suicidal should be taken seriously (Wortley 2002).Restriction of dangerous itemsThe instruments used to commit suicide in prison are those that are easily available to inmates.   Hanging with the use of clothing and bedding, is the most common way in which suicide is accomplished.   Together with the elimination of hanging points, suicide by hanging can be reduced wi th the use of tear-resistant sheets and blankets (Wortley 2002).   The restriction of razor blades, and other objects that could be fashioned to inflict self-harm is obviously another way in which prison suicides could be prevented.   The main task here lies in identifying which items prisoners can utilize to harm themselves, which is not always easy to accomplish as prisoners in the past have imaginatively used what one would think were harmless items, such as toothbrushes, to commit suicide (Wortley 2002).ConclusionHigh prison suicide rates are a worldwide phenomenon.   Several causes for this have been suggested, but perhaps the most relevant is the prison environment itself which drives vulnerable inmates, especially younger the inmates, into committing suicide.   The strategies presented in this paper for preventing prison suicide could be utilized to control prison suicide rates.   The control and lowering of prison suicide rates is important, as suicide has a devast ating emotional impact on surviving family members and friends of suicide victims.ReferencesAtlas, R. (1989). Reducing the opportunity for inmate suicide: A design guide Psychiatric Quarterly 60, 161–71Berman, A. (2007). Suicide.   In Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. (Online), Retrieved March 15, 2007. http://encarta.msn.comDooley, E. (1990). Non-natural deaths in prison British Journal of Criminology, 30, 229–34.Hayes, L. (1995). Prison suicide: An overview and a guide to prevention Prison Journal, 75, 431–56.Hayes, L. M. Rowan, J. R. (1988). National Study of Jail Suicides: Seven Years Later. Virginia: National Center on Institutions and Alternatives.HM Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales. (1999) Suicide Is Everyones Concern: A Thematic Review. London: HMSO.Inch, H., Rowlands, P., ; Soliman, A. (1995). Deliberate self-harm in a young offenders institution Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 6, 161–71.Johnston, E. (1991). National R eport of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.Liebling, A., Muir, G., Rose, G. Bottoms, A. (1999) Incentives and Earned Privileges for Prisoners - an Evaluation, London: Home Office Research, Development and Statistics Directorate.Reser, J. (1992). The design of safe and humane police cells: A discussion of some issues relating to Aboriginal people in police custody, in D. Biles and D. McDonald (eds. ), Deaths in Custody Australia, 1980–1989, Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.Stephan, J. (1997). Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 1995. Washington DC: US Department of Justice.White, T.   Schimmel, D. (1995) Suicide prevention in federal prisons: A successful five-step program Prison Suicide: An Overview and Guide to Prevention, Washington DC: US Department of Justice, pp. 48–59.World Health Organization. (2000). Preventing suicide: a resource for prison officers (Onl ine), Retrieved March 15, 2007. www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/60.pdfWortley, R. (2002). Situational Prison Control: Crime Prevention in Correctional Institutions.   England: Cambridge University Press.

The Plight Of The Artist in Modern Drama, A Study on Bernard Shaw's Essay

The Plight Of The Artist in Modern Drama, A Study on Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion - Essay Example Several times in the drama, Mrs. Pearce and Mrs. Higgins, Henry Higgin’s mother, asked Henry Higgins what will become of Eliza after her transformation (Shaw). Higgins does not find these concerns as more important than his goal of transforming Eliza into a Duchess in manners and speech (Shaw Act 2). His attitude shows lack of apathy for the plight of a woman whose life he is changing (Nienhuis 3). He does not have the breeding of a human being, only the intellect of an academic expert. Olukayode A. Afolabi would have described Higgins as lacking in emotional intelligence because he cannot monitor his feelings and the feelings of others to respond positively (126). Higgins has the plight of person versus social codes of conduct. A number of scholars discuss the plight of the heroine. Nienhuis also discusses Eliza’s plight in the story. He explains that Eliza’s plight is that, because she has been transformed from a lower-class woman to an upper-class one, she believes she cannot fit any. Upper-class life is too sophisticated for her, while lower-class living is no longer sufficient (Nienhuis 3), which shows Eliza’s common sense as a humane person (Mellor 345). This matches Social Identity Theory, where people interact with other groups through their social identity more than their individual identity (Sindic and Reicher 114). Eliza sees herself more as part of another class that is in-between two worlds. Her plight is also with her love life and the direction she wants after being transformed. At the end of the play, Eliza gets angry at Higgins for being so insensitive, and largely because of how he mistreats her as a â€Å"social inferior† (Nienhuis 3). It shows the person-versu s-person conflict because of different perceptions on how people should be treated. Neelam and Rao assert that Eliza has the life force of an independent woman that allowed her to surpass the conflicts in

BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BIOGRAPHICAL STUDY - Assignment Example In this process, data from a number of academic sources and bible verses is analyzed in order to determine Jesus’ relationship with his disciples. In particular, the relationship between Jesus and Peter is analyzed to determine its effect on Peter’s life. Ideally, the academic sources and scriptures provide deep insight into the social-religious life of the time, and by extension, how Peter adopted to this life. The paper begins by generally looking at the relationship between Jesus and all his disciples. This information is well written by Foster (2007, pp.1) concerning how makes the disciples feel like they are part of Jesus’ family, although there are times when Jesus refers to God as â€Å"my Father† thus emphasizing a more personal relationship between him and God. Despite showing love to all his disciples, Jesus was particularly fond of Peter as several versus in the bible can reveal. For instance, according to Shepherd (2010, pp. 780) in John 13:33, Jesus insists that the disciples must not go with him but says that later on, Peter will go where Jesus was unable to go. Jesus’ love for Peter is also evident in the Bible, where after Peter identifies Jesus as the son of God and Jesus in return blesses Peter (Matthew 16:17). This blessing is interesting because after all the miracles and good deeds Jesus had performed, any of his disciples would have called him the son of God. However, Jesus chooses to bless Peter instead, saying that such revelation could only come from God. In order to strengthen Peter’s faith in God, Jesus put Peter through several tests. For instance, in John 21 Jesus asks Peter whether he loves Jesus more than he loves all other things (Ramelli 2008, pp. 334). Peter replies in the affirmative but later on in the same evening, Peter denies Jesus three times, denying that he is a disciple of Jesus. In another instance, in Matthew 14: 22-33, Jesus comes to the

Students Persistent Failure in English Language Examinations in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Students Persistent Failure in English Language Examinations in Nigeria Essay Abstract Education is now a global product with institutions worldwide competing for students and finding ever more creative ways to satisfy student needs and preferences. The optimism and belief in educational progress has gingered the new wake of marketing approaches that boarder on how to properly deal with the intricate issues of qualitative educational service, value as well as customer satisfaction. With the continuing rise in the preference for flexible distance learning, educational institutions are finding that when students and faculty have significantly different cultural backgrounds and learning styles that the expectations of the learning experience can be unfulfilled. Today in Nigeria, education is the responsibility of government, religious organizations as well as private individuals, although in recent years, the private sector has entered the market providing educational services at all levels. There are over 90 universities in Nigeria with more than 2.000.000 students enrolled in these universities. Of these students, less than 100,000 are registered in the National Open University of Nigeria which is the largest of the universities that provide distance education in the country. With such large student numbers, competition between the public and private universities for students has intensified particularly over the last decade. As a consequence, the need to develop strategies for attracting students has become more important. The contribution of technologies to education processes has been immense with students and faculty each learning to adapt to an environment of continuous change and opportunities. This paper therefore, seeks to explore the marketing approaches that could galvanise the growth of the Open and Distance learning institutions, and is subsequently predicated on the view that a competitive advantage in marketing of the Open and Distance learning programmes can be attained by customizing learning experiences for students in a pro-active and constructive way. INTRODUCTION The fast competition that is taking place in the current global market has affected the educational sector. In Nigeria for instance, it has been observed that when education is taken for granted not only the state institutions providing conventional education are prevailed. Starting from the early 1990’s higher education has been provided by either public or private universities either conventionally or extensively. The increase in the products and services that are provided by different parties has affected the educational institutions and the power of marketing communications is utilized in order to pull more customers both by private and state institutions. The marketing of education is a controversial issue. Although the opinions on the signification of the educational institution as a product and the students as the customers still remains arguable the transformation of the instruction process as a student-based model requires the utilization of the marketing opportunitie s are used. Teaching has been increasingly developed as a learner-centered model, shaping the process as a life-long learners experience to match their existing knowledge and skills is crucial. At the open and distance education institution level, being market oriented means adapting a client-centered perspective and managing the institution in a way that matches the needs of primary and secondary clients. This student-based model is not much different than the client-based utilization of marketing strategy. In the marketing approach, the needs and desires of the customers are given a primary and major importance so they are treated as â€Å"kings†. When this strategy is employed in the open and distance education, the course programmes and materials are observed to be shaped in accordance with the needs and desires of the students. The multimedia used is also observed to be very common with those that are presented within the most appropriate channels to the students. The customer â€Å"king† then transforms into the student â€Å"king†. Marketing is about achieving organizational goals, and these are determined by the values of the organization (its culture) and shape its decision-making. Good marketing techniques will definitely help the Open and Distance learning institutions achieve set goals that will help them identify with those clients for whom they offer an appropriate range of learning opportunities. The objective of this study therefore, is to discuss the notions like advertisement, public relations, personal sales and fairs that make effecting marketing communication strategies possible in a nationwide manner and compare the Open and Distance learning educational institutions in Nigeria and other nations of the world to concentrate on the marketing of effective educational programmes, quality educational service and the appropriate pricing of the educational programmes because these are some of the major approaches that can satisfy the wishes of the consumers of their educational services. WHAT IS OPEN DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL)? Open and Distance Learning is the combination of on-line learning (e-learning) and other distance education delivery methods. It is the introduction, utilisation and application of ICT to enhance open and distance education thus implementing open and distance learning policies in order to make learning activities more flexible and enable these learning activities to be distributed among many learning venues. It is an amalgam of two approaches to different forms of education that focus on expanding access to learning. It is a sort of blended and distributed learning, which incorporate elements of tutor mediated and self-directed and resource-based learning process. The pedagogical shifts from face-to-face traditional way of teaching or even the traditional distance education (called correspondence education) to on-line education is what Open and Distance Learning is all about. It represents significant changes in the assumptions on which teachers, learners and support staff go about their business and to the technological infrastructure and skill base that support the moves. According to Reju S. A. (2007), this type of education is characterised by two factors: its PHILOSOPHY and its use of TECHNOLOGY. The Open and Distance Learning Philosophy aims at removing barriers to education allowing students to study what they want, when they want and where they want. In summing up the Open and Distance Learning Philosophy, it aims at increasing educational ACCESS and increasing educational CHOICE of students. As for the TECHNOLOGY, in order to achieve a complete migration from the post-box and hard text delivery of conventional distance education to on-line education, operators must satisfy at least three preconditions: First, the technical infrastructure needs to be transparent to users. Second, its operational framework must address teaching and learning decisions when it describes its functions. Third, systematic and local professional development in online teaching and learning using a just-in-time and just-for-me approach must be available to academics (Nunan, Reid, Mc Causland 2002 :10) BASIC OPERATING SYSTEM OF ODL INSTITUTIONS CHARACTERISTICS AND ADVANTAGES OF ODL The nature and characteristics of Open and Distance Learning gave it wider opportunities as advantages over the classical and conventional system of Education: †¢ Accessibility – overcoming barriers related to: – Prior academic credentials – Time – Physical location – Financial constraints – Personal characteristics – Social responsibility †¢ Flexibility and easy access to instruction in order to ensure broad availability of educational opportunities to all characterized by: – Frequent admission periods – Self-pacing – Optional support services (tutoring, counselling, advising) †¢ Learner control over content and structure †¢ Choice of delivery systems: Instruction delivered through a variety of media including print and other information communication technologies to learners, Learners have control over the course delivery system(s) that suits their purpose †¢ Accreditation – characterised by: †¢ Recognition of courses accredited by other institutions for transfer of credit. †¢ Opportunities for learners to â€Å"challenge† courses for credit. †¢ Provision for â€Å"experiential learning†. †¢ Instruction by a mode other than the conventional face-to-face method †¢ Physical separation between the teacher and the learner †¢ Openness disregard age, previous level of academic achievement, and other factors, creating artificial barriers to education as a life-long pursuit in a democratic environment †¢ Cost-effective system of instruction independent of time, location, pace and space †¢ Used for a variety of learning situations: primary, secondary, tertiary, vocational and non-formal education †¢ It allows for wider Range Extension †¢ Thrives on economy of scale †¢ It is weapon of mass instruction †¢ ODL is more suited to Adult Learners †¢ It democratises and liberalises education †¢ It is more of learner centred and learner friendly programme which includes all in its planning and execution †¢ Focused on QA, well designed instructional packages, student support: It gives learners Qualitative Education and Course Range. VISIBLE PROBLEMS THAT COULD RESULT TO FALL OF SALES AND PATRONAGE IN ODL SYSTEM A good marketing strategy has two parts. The first includes an overview of your industry and how your company fits within it. It identifies who your marketing should be targeted at and what challenges you may face when trying to read your target audience. This part also helps you hone in on your specific marketing goals (i.e. increase client base by %). The second part is all about what you will do to reach to overcome the challenges identified in part one and how you will reach your goals (i.e. develop brochure/ website, etc.) The following issues can create a fall of patronage in the Open and Distance learning system. †¢ Poor quality educational service, poor value and customer dissatisfaction. †¢ Poor and inadequate designing of educational programmes. †¢ Unnecessary overpricing of educational programmes †¢ De-emphasising quality, especially service quality †¢ Regular students frustration in learning how to get on-line (especially for novices). †¢ Time lapse between student input and feedback -Time lapse between need for learner support and resolution †¢ Occasional internet provider downtime (server usually inaccessible to students) †¢ Student become less active and less self-directed in the learning environment which depends largely on individual motivation and initiative. †¢ Occasional feelings of isolation- Potentially less group support for learners leading to isolation and possible non-completion of programme †¢ Instructional design for group activities and group interaction more demanding on the instructor †¢ Demands large effort and cost to develop appropriate materials †¢ Demands large effort to create and maintain the technological infrastructure When these problems persist, the message becomes very clear; ‘Distance Education is not for everyone’. – Unfortunately, the problems becloud the fact that Open and Distance learning is not for undisciplined learners nor inflexible instructors. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND GOOD MARKETING STRATEGY AS PANACEA TO ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF FALL OF SALES AND PATRONAGE IN ODL SYSTEM What is Quality assurance? According to Wiley (2009), Quality assurance, or QA for short, refers to a programme for the systematic monitoring and evaluation of the various aspects of a project, service, or facility to ensure that standards of quality are being met. It is important to realize also that quality is determined by the program sponsor. QA cannot absolutely guarantee the production of quality products, unfortunately, but makes this more likely. Two key principles characterise QA: fit for purpose (the product should be suitable for the intended purpose) and right first time (mistakes should be eliminated). QA includes regulation of the quality of raw materials, assemblies, products and components; services related to production; and management, production and inspection processes. It is important to realize also that quality is determined by the intended users, clients or customers, not by society in general: it is not the same as expensive or high quality. Even goods with low prices can be considered quality items if they meet a market need. QA is more than just testing the quality of aspects of a product, service or facility, it analyzes the quality to make sure it conforms to specific requirements and comply with established plans. Accuracy of Quality Assurance There is an extensive process of trial and error in order to ensure quality assurance. By the end of the trials you arrive at an acceptable process that helps you decide the reliability and efficiency of the sample. The process involves meeting specifications such as performance measures and depends on environment operation. The cost of resulting in failure is very high which result in the process of Quality Assurance to be extensive and it is acceptable to delay production until all tests are done and double-checked. Steps for Quality Assurance Process †¢ Test previous article †¢ Plan to improve †¢ Design to include improvements and requirements †¢ Manufacture with improvements †¢ Review new item and improvements †¢ Test new item The process for Quality Assurance is very rigorous and requires a lot of testing and planning. The team or firm has to comply with previous requirements, implement new requirements and improve the old item. Other than following requirements, the team or firm has to comply with consumers needs. WHAT IS MARKETING? Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large Simply stated, marketing is everything you do to place your product or service in the hands of potential customers. It includes diverse disciplines like sales, public relations, pricing, packaging, and distribution. In order to distinguish marketing from other related professional services, S.H. Simmons, author and humorist, relates this anecdote. If a young man tells his date shes intelligent, looks lovely, and is a great conversationalist, hes saying the right things to the right person and thats marketing. If the young man tells his date how handsome, smart and successful he is thats advertising. If someone else tells the young woman how handsome, smart and successful her date is thats public relations. You might think of marketing this way. If business is all about people and money and the art of persuading one to part from the other, then marketing is all about finding the right people to persuade. Marketing is your strategy for allocating resources (time and money) in order to achieve your objectives (a fair profit for supplying a good product or service). Yet the most brilliant strategy wont help you earn a profit or achieve your wildest dreams if it isnt built around your potential customers. A strategy that isnt based on customers is rather like a man who knows a thousand ways to make love to a woman, but doesnt know any women. Great in theory but unrewarding in practice. If you fit the classic definition of an entrepreneur (someone with a great idea whos under-capitalized), you may think marketing is something you do later after the product is developed, manufactured, or ready to sell. Though it may feel counter-intuitive, marketing doesnt begin with a great idea or a unique product. It begins with customers those people who want or need your product and will actually buy it. Entrepreneurs are in love with their ideas, and they should be. After all, why would anyone commit their energy, life savings, and no small part of their sanity to anything less than a consuming passion. Because entrepreneurs are passionate about their idea, product, or service, they innocently assume other people will feel the same. Heres the bad news it just doesnt work that way! People have their own unique perceptions of the world based on their belief system. The most innovative ideas, the greatest products, or a superior service succeed only when you market within the context of peoples perceptions. Context can be many things, singly or simultaneously. To name a few, you may market to your customers within the context of their wants, needs, problems solved, or situation improved. Entrepreneurs need to be aware of many other contexts, such as social and economic trends or governmental regulations, which well discuss another time. People dont just buy a product. They buy the concept of what that product will do for them, or help them do for themselves. People who are overweight dont join a franchise diet center to eat pre-packaged micro-meals. They buy the concept of a new, thin, happy and successful self. Before you become consumed with entrepreneurial zeal and invest your life savings in a new venture, become a smart marketer. Take time at the beginning to discover who your potential customers are, and how to effectively reach them. Without a plan, your entrepreneurial dream is really wishful thinking. While a marketing plan can be a map for success, remember that the map is not the territory. A strategy that ignores the customer isnt an accurate reflection of the landscape. A good marketing plan can help you focus your energy and resources. But a plan created in a vacuum, based solely on your perceptions, does not advance the agenda. Thats why market research, however simple or sophisticated, is important. Just keep in mind that research attempts to predict the future by studying the past. It reveals what people have done, and extrapolates what people might do not what people will do. Planning is imperative, research is important, but theres no substitute for entrepreneurial insight. After all, as Mark Twain wrote, You cannot depend on your eyes when your imagination is out of focus. Marketing strategy’ Wikipedia dictionary defines ‘Marketing strategy’ is a process that can allow an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase sales and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. A marketing strategy should be centered on the key concept that customer satisfaction is the main goal. Services marketing Services marketing, as the label suggests, relates to the marketing of services, as opposed to tangible products (in standard economic terminology, a tangible product is called a good). A typical definition of a service (as opposed to a good) is thus: †¢ The use of it is inseparable from its purchase (,i.e. a service is used and consumed simultaneously) †¢ It does not possess material form, and thus cannot be smelt, heard, tasted, or felt. †¢ The use of a service is inherently subjective, in that due to the human condition, all persons experiencing a service would experience it uniquely. As examples of the above points, a train ride can be deemed as a service. If one buys a train ticket, the use of the train is typically experienced concurrently with the purchase of the ticket. Moreover, a train ride cannot be smelt, heard, tasted or felt as such. Granted, a seat can be felt, and the train can be evidently heard, nonetheless one is not paying for the permanent ownership of the tangible components of the train. Services (by comparison with goods) can also be viewed as a spectrum. Not all products are pure goods, nor are all pure services. The aforementioned example of a train ride can be deemed a pure service, whilst a packet of potato chips can be deemed a pure good. An intermediary example may be a restaurant (as the waiter service is intangible, and the food evidently is tangible in form). VARIOUS STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES OF GOOD MARKETING THAT COULD HELP IN GROWTH OF SALES AND PATRONAGE OF ODL PROGRAMMES It is the explicit recognition of the tensions between old and new learning styles which our paper seeks to highlight as the basis for attaining a marketing advantage. To allow students to learn in styles that commence with recognition of diverse foundations provides an environment where students are given greater opportunity for academic success. The view that all students can be blended into one learning environment as though one stylized type of pedagogy would be suitable for all students in a mixed cohort, presumes that a standardized approach to learning is indeed appropriate. The concept of ‘one size fits all’ education may have been appropriate in old economies where students represented a homogenous group from the same cultural group with a known entry level skill set. Where students do not fit this form of stereotyping it makes sense to approach the task of designing an appropriate learning environment which suits the majority of learners. Eisner also claims that communication and multiple intelligence literature suggest that effective teaching involves reaching students, and that reaching students involves taking their frames of reference into account. Knowing where our students are coming from and meeting them there may increase the chance that students will absorb the information we seek to teach (Eisner 2003, 34-5). Indeed, the arrival of technologies to supplement, enable, enrich and mediate learning experiences challenges traditional education pedagogies. To actively respond to such pressures in a way that is positive can contribute to academic outcomes. Businesses and governments have called into question the relevance of quality of the education that has been provided by post-secondary institutions as well as their continued ability to deliver education in a manner that the new forces of the globalizing marketplace would deem efficient (Montgomery, L., M. Canaan, J., E.) (2004). Nagy (2007) demonstrated via a case study that student outcomes could be dramatically improved by specifically recognizing the needs of the cohort and tailoring assessment tasks to suit the cohort. This style of customization is a reaction to market needs in a proactive way to ensure that student success is achieved without variation in the quality or content of course design. To take this analysis one step further, for a chosen unit of study where it is known that the student population incorporates variable educational foundations within the student population, a university could recognize this variation and provide 2 streams of learning for the same material using alternative pedagogies to achieve outcomes. One alternative could embrace student centered learning and the other teacher centered learning. Each of the alternatives may then employ the best practice pedagogies appropriate to the identified style of learning, and utilize different assessment strategies. Students are then free to choose which alternative learning environment best suits their learning foundations and preferences, at the commencement of the subject. This approach has the potential to promote a more confident attitude to learning with less alienation from the learning environment, greater student self esteem and improved learning outcomes. The term learning styles is used as a description of the attitudes and behaviors which determine an individual’s preferred way of learning. Some students tend to focus on facts. Some respond strongly to visual forms of information; others are able to learn more from verbal forms written and spoken explanations. Some prefer to learn actively and interactively; others function more introspectively and individually. No one learning style is better than another; it is simply that people learn in different ways. The best learning style is the one that works for an individual in a particular situation. Those universities with sufficiently large and diverse student cohorts may be able to further refine a process of variable pedagogies. Costs would not be significantly different and yet the provision of alternative learning experience can be employed for both on campus and distance education institutions representing a way of marketing subjects that may entice particular students to particular universities. Our suggestion places the emphasis back on the student; with the student selecting the mode of learning best suited to their personal learning style. These choices made available to students can thus be regarded as part of a suite of marketing tools that universities can make use of. Generally, action must be taken to develop a complete marketing program to reach consumers (life-long learners) by using a combination of factors which can be referred to as the 4P’s. The 4 P approach to marketing includes product, price, place and promotion are illustrated as follows: Product: It is a good, service or idea that the consumers need for satisfying their wants. Physical product can be described in terms of its physical characteristics and is what most people actually think of as the product Sussane and Chris(2010) suggest that education is a product, and see distance education as a product instead of a tool for distributing education. They say that in order to most efficiently use our resources, the needs of the student/consumer should be assessed. By doing so, we can learn from the students and then apply that knowledge to attract future students while meeting the needs and improving upon the services offered to the current students. The products have a different name, logo, color and physical attributes. We can say that Distance Education institution is a brand and a brand is a way of differentiating one product from another; the greater the perceived similarity of products, the more important the brand in establishing the differences. Some schools will clearly feel that they are different from others, or that the market perceives differences, which makes it less important for them to establish their corporate identity (Galbraith, K. 2003). Price: This concept embodies more than a value that someone will pay for it. The meaning associated with price changes is contextual. Institutions have different pricing policies and all institutions compete against each other to increase their application and enrollment rates. Pricing policies will impact student choice between institutions. Place: It is a means of getting the product into the consumer’s hands. The personality of the place sends messages to the target audience. The vehicle which is used to reach the students can be a physical location or a virtual space where the connection speed of internet used, e-mail, can serve as a differentiating mechanism. Promotion: Promotion is a means of communication between the seller and buyer. It includes advertising, public relations, personal selling, publicity, and sales promotions. If one higher education institution wants to enroll more students than other, it will need to use corporate advertising or engage in activities that create a liaison between the students and the institutions. Publicity provides media coverage to the institutions and visibility can create confidence about an institutions reputation and quality perceptions. Marketing initiatives include print based products and internet-based advertisements, brochures, and word-of-mouth (WOM) communication. According to Buttle (1998: p. 242) WOM has been shown to influence a variety of conditions: awareness, expectations, perceptions, attitudes, behavioral intentions and behaviour. Because of these factors positive WOM may affect the awareness of the open and distance university and this awareness can turn the behavioral intentions of students. Fairs are also benefited to communicate with the students. Every year education fairs should be organized and all universities that run distance learning programmes should be represented. Where the cost of registration is same between universities, the image of the university plays an important role in the process of selecting that university. The image consists of two criteria. One of it is tangible criteria like, academic staff, profile of the graduated, facility of the university, curriculum, and opportunity for internship etc. Intangible criteria are good or bad experiences about university, negative or positive WOM. Internally developed strategy Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or video signals which transmit programs to an audience. Receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively large subset of the whole, such as children or young adults. Here, the FM station of NOUN becomes important. In his essay, John Durham Peters wrote that communication is a tool used for dissemination. Durham stated, â€Å"Dissemination is a lens- sometimes a usefully distorting one- that helps us tackle basic issues such as interaction, presence, and space and time†¦on the agenda of any future communication theory in general† (Durham, 211). Dissemination focuses on the message being relayed from one main source to one large audience without the exchange of dialogue in between. There’s chance for the message to be tweaked or corrupted once the main source releases it. There is really no way to predetermine how the larger population or audience will absorb the message. They can choose to listen, analyze, or simply ignore it. Dissemination in communication is widely used in the world of broadcasting. Broadcasting focuses on getting one message out and it is up to the general public to do what they wish with it. Durham also states that broadcasting is used to address an open ended destination (Durham, 212). There are many forms of broadcast, but they all aim to distribute a signal that will reach the target audience. Broadcasting can arrange audiences into entire assemblies (Durham, 213). Effective use of the University website According to Ms.Bindu Rathore, CEO WebTotal Marketing, Many Educational Institutions have a website, but they don’t know how to combine offline and online marketing to increase their profits and reduce their advertising costs. She therefore recommended that the concept WebTotal Marketing is now available to help such Educational institutions to have a complete web marketing system so they can enhance their brand and attract more prospect students at an affordable cost.† This postulation is basically predicated on the fact that students have become very Internet savvy these days and are cautious in their selection of institutions of higher learning. They actively participate in forums and group discussions along with feedbacks from past students to analyze a particular college or university before they make their decision. University Publications The word publication means the act of publishing. To publish is to make content available to the public. While specific use of the term may vary between country, it is usually applied to text, images, or other audio-visual content on any medium, including paper or Electronic publishing forms such as websites, E-books, Compact Discs and MP3s. THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS, GIFT ITEMS/SOUVENIRS, EVALUATION (of process, input and products) AND AFTER-SALES-SERVICES IN GOOD MARKETING Promotional merchandise, promotional items, promotional products, promotional gifts, or advertising gifts are articles of merchandise that are branded with a logo and used in marketing and communication programs. They are given away to promote a company, corporate image, brand, or event. These items are usually imprinted with a companys name, logo or slogans, and given away at trade shows, conferences, and as part of guerrilla marketing campaigns. The giving of gifts goes back throughout the hostory of man. Gifts would be, and still are, given for various reasons including: to welcome, for appreciation, and for celebration. In the late 20th century a new industry evolved around the concept of giving gifts. Industry and commerce recognised the benefits that could be gained by a company and corporate organisation in giving gifts to existing and prospective customers. Promotional merchandise is now used globally to promote brands, products and corporate identity. They are also used as giveaways at events like exhibitions and product launches. Almost anything can be branded with a company’s name or logo and used for promotion. Common items include t-shirts, caps, key chains, posters, bumper-stickers, pens, mugs, or mouse pads. The largest product category for promotional products is wearable items, which make up more than 30% of the total. Most promotional items are relatively small and inexpensive, but can range to higher-end items; for example celebrities at film festivals and award shows are often given expensive promotional items such as expensive perfumes, leather goods, and electronics items. Companies that provide expensive gifts for celebrity attendees often ask that the celebrities allow a photo to be taken of them with the gift item, which can be used by the company for promotional purposes. Other companies provide luxury gifts such as handbags or scarves to celebrity attendees in the hopes that the celebrities will wear these items in public, thus garnering publicity for the companys brand name and product. Brand awareness is the most common use for promotional items at 12.59%. Other objectives that marketers use promotional items to facilitate include employee relations and events, tradeshow traffic-building, public relations, new customer generation, dealer and distributor programs, new product introductions, employee service awards, not-for-profit programs, internal incentive programs, safety education, customer referrals, and marketing research. Customer service is the provision of service to customers before, during and after a purchase. According to Galbraith, K. (2003). â€Å"Customer service is a series of activities designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction – that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the customer expectation. Its importance varies by product, industry and customer; defective or broken merchandise can be exchanged, often only with a receipt and within a specified time frame. Customer service may be provided by a person (e.g., sales and service representative), or by automated means called self-service. Examples of self service are Internet sites. However, In the Internet era, a challenge has been to maintain and/or enhance the personal experience while making use of the efficiencies of online commerce. Writing in Fast Company, entrepreneur and customer systems innovator Wiley, J. made the point that Online customers are literally invisible to you (and you to them), so its easy to shortchange them emotionally. But this lack of visual and tactile presence makes it even more crucial to create a sense of personal, human-to-human connection in the online arena. From the point of view of an overall sales process engineering effort, customer service plays an important role in an organizations ability to generate income and revenue. From that perspective, customer service should be included as part of an overall approach to systematic improvement. CONCLUSION In many countries, open and distance learning methods have become an effective and equitable means of providing learning for people in all situations and of all ages. Our postulation in this paper is that the effective marketing of the operational infrastructure for the delivery of an Open and Distance Learning programme is critical to its success. Yet all too often this element is overlooked or seen as incidental to the design and quality of the distance learning materials and programmes themselves. We then went ahead to address very salient issues that can help the Open and Distance Learning institutions adopt new approaches as regards the rapid strategic marketing of ODL systems that will ultimately lead to increased success in the operation of the system worldwide. These issues include †¢ coming to grips with the socio-cultural drivers of education in the 21st century †¢ anticipating the future and activating the potential of innovation as a prerequisite for outstanding success and †¢ interpreting latent educational needs and effectively creating a demand for the ODL system worldwide. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES Buttle, F. (2005). Word of Mouth: Understanding And Managing Referral Marketing, Journal of Strategic Marketing, (6) 241–254. Eisner, S. P. (2004). The Class Talk Show: A Pedagogical Tool, SAM Advanced Management Journal, Winter 2003, 34 49. Galbraith, K. (2003). 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